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a cura di Francesco Naef
Art. 357 Oggetto
1 Il patto d’arbitrato può riferirsi a controversie esistenti o future derivanti da un determinato rapporto giuridico.
2 Contro il patto d’arbitrato non può essere eccepita l’invalidità del contratto principale.
Portata soggettiva del patto d'arbitrato - Alteri stipulari nemo potest - Contratto a favore di terzi (art. 112 CO)? (NO)
Nach dem Grundsatz der Relativität vertraglicher Verpflichtungen ("Alteri stipulari nemo potest"; ULP. D. 45,1,38,17) bindet eine Schiedsklausel in einem Schuldvertrag grundsätzlich nur die Vertragsparteien. Die subjektive Tragweite einer Schiedsklausel wird aber bei einem echten Vertrag zu Gunsten eines Dritten (Art. 112 Abs. 2 OR) auf den Begünstigten ausgedehnt: Enthält ein solcher Vertrag eine Schiedsklausel, kann sich der Dritte bei der Durchsetzung seiner Forderung gegenüber dem Promittenten darauf berufen, ausser die Schiedsklausel schlösse dies gerade aus (Urteil 4A_44/2011 vom 19. April 2011 E. 2.4.1) (E. 3.2).
Der unechte Vertrag zu Gunsten eines Dritten (Art. 112 Abs. 1 OR) berechtigt demgegenüber nur den Promissar, von der Gegenpartei Leistung an den Dritten zu fordern. Der Dritte besitzt kein unmittelbares Forderungsrecht und ist nur als Begünstigter ermächtigt, die Leistung zu empfangen. Ob dem Dritten ein selbstständiges, unmittelbares Forderungsrecht zukommt, entscheidet sich grundsätzlich anhand der Willenserklärungen der vertragsschliessenden Parteien, subsidiär anhand einer entsprechenden Übung. Der Dritte, der ein originäres Forderungsrecht und damit einen echten Vertrag zu Gunsten Dritter behauptet, trägt für dessen Bestand die Beweislast (E. 3.5.1). Tribunale federale 4A_627/2011 del 8.3.2012 in ASA Bulletin 2012 p. 647
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