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a cura di Francesco Naef
Art. 359 Contestata competenza del tribunale arbitrale
1 Se la validità , il contenuto o la portata del patto d’arbitrato oppure la corretta costituzione del tribunale arbitrale sono contestati davanti allo stesso, il tribunale arbitrale pronuncia in merito con una decisione incidentale o nella decisione finale.
2 L’eccezione d’incompetenza del tribunale arbitrale deve essere proposta prima di entrare nel merito della causa.
Competenza del tribunale arbitrale - fatti doppiamente rilevanti ?
La théorie des faits de double pertinence ne saurait entrer en ligne de compte lorsque la compétence d'un tribunal arbitral est contestée, car il est exclu de contraindre une partie à souffrir qu'un tel tribunal se prononce sur des droits et obligations litigieux, s'ils ne sont pas couverts par une convention d'arbitrage valable (c. 5.3.2.2). Tribunale federale 4A_515/2012 del 17.4.2013 in RSPC 2013 p. 335
Portata soggettiva del patto d'arbitrato - Alteri stipulari nemo potest - Contratto a favore di terzi (art. 112 CO)? (NO)
Nach dem Grundsatz der Relativität vertraglicher Verpflichtungen ("Alteri stipulari nemo potest"; ULP. D. 45,1,38,17) bindet eine Schiedsklausel in einem Schuldvertrag grundsätzlich nur die Vertragsparteien. Die subjektive Tragweite einer Schiedsklausel wird aber bei einem echten Vertrag zu Gunsten eines Dritten (Art. 112 Abs. 2 OR) auf den Begünstigten ausgedehnt: Enthält ein solcher Vertrag eine Schiedsklausel, kann sich der Dritte bei der Durchsetzung seiner Forderung gegenüber dem Promittenten darauf berufen, ausser die Schiedsklausel schlösse dies gerade aus (Urteil 4A_44/2011 vom 19. April 2011 E. 2.4.1) (E. 3.2).
Der unechte Vertrag zu Gunsten eines Dritten (Art. 112 Abs. 1 OR) berechtigt demgegenüber nur den Promissar, von der Gegenpartei Leistung an den Dritten zu fordern. Der Dritte besitzt kein unmittelbares Forderungsrecht und ist nur als Begünstigter ermächtigt, die Leistung zu empfangen. Ob dem Dritten ein selbstständiges, unmittelbares Forderungsrecht zukommt, entscheidet sich grundsätzlich anhand der Willenserklärungen der vertragsschliessenden Parteien, subsidiär anhand einer entsprechenden Übung. Der Dritte, der ein originäres Forderungsrecht und damit einen echten Vertrag zu Gunsten Dritter behauptet, trägt für dessen Bestand die Beweislast (E. 3.5.1). Tribunale federale 4A_627/2011 del 8.3.2012 in ASA Bulletin 2012 p. 647
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